{"id":13253,"date":"2023-08-24T19:43:00","date_gmt":"2023-08-24T19:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wideners.com\/blog\/?p=13253"},"modified":"2023-08-29T20:18:53","modified_gmt":"2023-08-29T20:18:53","slug":"stopping-power-what-is-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wideners.com\/blog\/stopping-power-what-is-it\/","title":{"rendered":"Stopping Power: What Is It?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Stopping power, or \u201cknockdown power,\u201d is a projectile\u2019s ability to incapacitate a target, whether animal or human. While almost everyone\u2019s heard the term, understanding exactly what it means can be tough. All the confusion surrounding stopping power is mainly due to Hollywood\u2019s unrealistic depictions of what happens when someone gets shot.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In TV and movies, one bullet will send a grown man flying backward. Depending on how over-the-top<\/a> the flick is, they may do a backflip, launch off a building, or perform another acrobatic feat. On the other hand, the invincible hero shrugs off round after round until he completes the mission, saves the girl, and rides off into the sunset.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0“As you will learn shortly, there are no ‘magic bullets” — there is no free lunch, and there is no substitute for marksmanship.” – Evan P. Marshall (Handgun Stopping Power: The Definitive Study)<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

As is often the case, the truth lies somewhere in the middle. Let\u2019s dive deeper into the science of terminal ballistics to get to the bottom of stopping power. We\u2019ll examine the five factors influencing what happens when a bullet hits something.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

What Are Terminal Ballistics?<\/b><\/h3>\n

Terminal ballistics<\/a> is the study of how a projectile behaves when it impacts a target and transfers its kinetic energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Also referred to as wound ballistics, terminal ballistics is important for hunting and self-defense. Knowing about these principles helps you understand how a bullet transfers energy upon impact. Ideally, you want a round to transfer as much energy as possible and create a massive wound cavity, seriously damaging the inner workings of your target.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

5 Factors That Impact Stopping Power<\/b><\/h2>\n
\"a

Caliber, muzzle velocity, energy, grain weight, and bullet type are key factors in determining stopping power.<\/p><\/div>\n

While there are several factors that impact stopping power, the ones you should focus on include:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Caliber<\/b><\/h3>\n

Caliber refers to the projectile\u2019s diameter, which we express in millimeters (e.g., 9mm) or hundredths of an inch (e.g., .40). If you\u2019ve ever stumbled into a debate about whether 9mm or .45 is the better caliber<\/a>, you know firsthand that some people equate a larger bullet diameter to more stopping power.<\/span><\/p>\n

While a larger caliber translates to more surface area through which to transfer energy, bullet caliber is only one part of the stopping power equation. Take the 9mm vs .45 debate, for example. A 9mm is approximately 0.35 inches in diameter, meaning it\u2019s just 1\/10th of an inch smaller than a .45. If the 9mm cartridge has better design and terminal ballistics, it can overcome that size difference to deliver adequate stopping power.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Muzzle Velocity<\/b><\/h3>\n

Muzzle velocity is the speed at which the projectile exits the end of the barrel (muzzle). We measure muzzle velocity in feet per second (FPS). From the moment a bullet leaves the weapon, it begins to slow down.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

To help shooters better understand how a bullet performs at range, firearms manufacturers typically provide bullet velocity data for standard usage distances. For rifles, manufacturers will measure bullet velocity at distances of 100 yards, 200 yards, and 300 yards. For handgun rounds, they will typically measure bullet velocity at 50 and 100 yards. They also take bullet energy measurements at these distances.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Now, back to our physics lesson for a moment. To calculate momentum, multiply a projectile\u2019s velocity by its mass. To increase a bullet\u2019s momentum, you need to make it heavier, add more powder to make it go faster, or both.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Bullet Mass<\/b><\/h3>\n

Bullet mass refers to how heavy the projectile is, and we express bullet mass in grains. One grain is a little more than six hundredths (0.06) of a gram.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The grain of a bullet varies greatly depending on your weapon system. For example, 9mm cartridges tend to weigh in the low to mid (100-grain) range, while .45 cartridges can weigh upwards of 200 grains. Looking at the weight discrepancies between the two cartridges, it becomes clearer why die-hard 1911 owners swear by the .45.<\/span><\/p>\n

Admittedly, the 9mm makes up some of this ground by exhibiting higher velocity. But, as you will see in our final categories, muzzle energy and bullet shape are two of the most critical factors for determining stopping power.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Bullet Shape & Composition<\/b><\/h3>\n

Modern projectiles are available in a broad range of designs and material combinations. There are so many options that we could do an entire series on ammunition types and still not get to all of them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For the stopping power conversation, we\u2019ll focus on one aspect of bullet design: what it does when it hits the target. Some designs are prone to overpenetration, meaning they will power right through your target and go on to hit something else.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If you\u2019re hunting, this means you\u2019ll need to take a long walk in search of your prey to avoid accidental collateral damage. In a self-defense scenario, over-penetration is particularly concerning since it can cause your bullet to go through your target and endanger innocent bystanders.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ideally, you want your bullet to expand when it hits its target, transfer as much energy as possible, and create a massive wound cavity. The wound cavity is the tissue void the projectile makes as it travels through its target. The larger the wound cavity, the higher the chances of incapacitation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Muzzle Energy<\/b><\/h3>\n

Muzzle energy, expressed in foot-pounds, is a projectile\u2019s kinetic energy (momentum) when it leaves the barrel. Like velocity, a bullet\u2019s kinetic energy decreases the further it travels.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Muzzle energy and bullet design are the most critical factors influencing stopping power. If you hit your target with a projectile that has a ton of kinetic energy and the bullet creates a large wound cavity, your chance of incapacitating them is much higher. With that in mind, let\u2019s briefly shift our attention back to the 9mm vs. .45 debate.<\/span><\/p>\n

For fairness, we will compare a 9mm and .45 cartridge from the same product line, Hornady FTX Critical Defense<\/a>, one of my go-to self-defense ammunition rounds.<\/span><\/p>\n

The 9mm version is a 115-grain projectile, which exhibits a muzzle velocity of 1,135 FPS and 332 foot-pounds of muzzle energy. The .45 cartridge features a 185-grain projectile, has a muzzle velocity of 1,000 FPS, and 411 foot-pounds of muzzle energy. The 9mm remains faster than the .45 at both the 50-yard and 100-yard mark, but the larger projectile maintains much more muzzle energy at both thresholds.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Most 9mm handguns have a higher magazine capacity than their .45 counterparts. Plus, many shooters like the controllability of the 9mm. Each cartridge has pros and cons, but in terms of sheer stopping power, the .45 edges out its smaller, lighter 9mm.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Practical Tips: How To Assess Stopping Power<\/b><\/h2>\n
\"a

Federal HST 9mm 124gr bullets captured in ballistic gelatine using the FBI protocol.<\/p><\/div>\n

Most ammunition manufacturers provide ballistics data for their cartridges. Some include this information on the box, while others only list it on their website. Plus, plenty of third-party sites (like this one) compile ballistics data on your favorite ammunition.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Caliber<\/th>\nBullet Type<\/th>\nBullet Weight<\/th>\nVelocity (Muzzle)<\/th>\nEnergy (Muzzle)<\/th>\n50 Yards (Velocity\/Energy)<\/th>\n100 Yards (Velocity\/Energy)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
9mm<\/td>\nFMJ<\/td>\n115gr<\/td>\n1,180 FPS<\/td>\n356 FT LBS<\/td>\n1,048 FPS\/280 FT LBS<\/td>\n961 FPS\/236 FT LBS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
.45 ACP<\/td>\nFMJ<\/td>\n230gr<\/td>\n890 FPS<\/td>\n404 FT LBS<\/td>\n856 FPS\/374 FT LBS<\/td>\n824 FPS\/347 FT LBS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
.223 Rem<\/td>\nFMJ<\/td>\n55gr<\/td>\n3,240 FPS<\/td>\n1,282 FT LBS<\/td>\n3,010 FPS\/1,106 FT LBS<\/td>\n2,874 FPS\/1,008 FT LBS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12-Gauge<\/td>\nRifled Slug<\/td>\n438gr<\/td>\n1,610 FPS<\/td>\n2,521 FT LBS<\/td>\n1,340 FPS\/1,746 FT LBS<\/td>\n1,139 FPS\/1,262 FT LBS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

The best way to assess the stopping power is to review the performance data on the cartridges you\u2019re interested in. While there’s no \u201cstopping power\u201d metric, you can still define a round\u2019s ability to down a target. Simply consider its weight, muzzle energy, and muzzle velocity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Stopping Power: What Matters?<\/b><\/h3>\n
\"photo

Stopping power has as much to do with accuracy and skill as it does with the caliber of the bullet being used.<\/p><\/div>\n

Perhaps you\u2019re a hunter wanting to avoid chasing prey through the woods after you take a shot. Or, maybe you\u2019re looking for a viable self-defense round. Either way, stopping power is something to investigate, but it\u2019s far from the only thing that matters.<\/span><\/p>\n

When selecting a projectile, consider cost, availability, controllability, range, and skill level. Having great stopping power<\/a> behind your bullet is excellent — if you can find ammo and get rounds on target.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For example, if a small-framed shooter has difficulty controlling handguns chambered in larger calibers like .45 ACP or 10mm, they’d do better with a round that suits their size. If that shooter can maintain tight shot groupings with a 9mm handgun, that’ll offset the reduced \u201cstopping power\u201d with better accuracy and follow-up shots.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The bad guy in a self-defense scenario won\u2019t pay much attention to the size of the bullet you fire. However, they <\/span>will <\/span><\/i>take notice when you start slinging lead their way, especially if your shots are landing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

So, choose a bullet and handgun that aligns with your needs, shooting skill, and capabilities. If you can perform well with a .45 and want to carry a larger caliber weapon, do it. If you need something smaller to achieve better accuracy, it\u2019s okay to sacrifice some stopping power and bullet size. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stopping power, or \u201cknockdown power,\u201d is a projectile\u2019s ability to incapacitate a target, whether animal or human. While almost everyone\u2019s heard the term, understanding exactly what it means can be tough. All the confusion surrounding stopping power is mainly due to Hollywood\u2019s unrealistic depictions of what happens when someone gets shot.\u00a0 In TV and movies, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":13272,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,395],"tags":[498,520,266,267,229,230,1679,470,511,1110,1676,1678,1674,1675,1107,1677],"class_list":["post-13253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","category-self-defense","tag-223-rem","tag-223-rem-ammo","tag-45-acp","tag-45-acp-ammo","tag-9mm","tag-9mm-ammo","tag-bullet-shape","tag-bullet-type","tag-bullet-weight","tag-caliber","tag-kinetic-energy","tag-muzzle-energy","tag-stopping-power","tag-terminal-ballistics","tag-velocity","tag-what-is-stopping-power"],"yoast_head":"\nStopping Power: What Is It? - Wideners Shooting, Hunting & Gun Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Stopping power deals with a bullet's ability to incapacitate a target. 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